地線對于我們的日常生活來說很重要，裝修房屋的時候，很多家庭都會在地板上安裝地線，但是地線具體是指什么，相信還是有少部分人不清楚，甚至有些人因為不了解而漏掉了這個環節，那么接地線的作用有哪些，自己又該怎么接地線呢?下面跟接地材料檢測小(xiao)編一起了解一下(xia)吧。

　　一、地線的概念

　　地(di)(di)(di)線(xian)是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備中，接大地(di)(di)(di)、接外(wai)殼或接參(can)考電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位為(wei)零的(de)導線(xian)。一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上(shang)，地(di)(di)(di)線(xian)接在外(wai)殼上(shang)，以防電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)因內部絕(jue)緣(yuan)破壞外(wai)殼帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而引起的(de)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)。地(di)(di)(di)線(xian)是(shi)接地(di)(di)(di)裝(zhuang)置的(de)簡稱。地(di)(di)(di)線(xian)又分為(wei)工(gong)作(zuo)接地(di)(di)(di)和安全性接地(di)(di)(di)。為(wei)防止人們(men)在使用(yong)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)辦公等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備時發(fa)生觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)而采取的(de)保護接地(di)(di)(di),就是(shi)一(yi)種安全性接地(di)(di)(di)護線(xian)。

　　二、檢(jian)測地(di)線有效接地(di)的方法

　　1、用萬用表的電阻檔測量

　　我們(men)可(ke)以(yi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)的(de)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)功能來(lai)檢測(ce)家里(li)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，以(yi)此來(lai)判斷地線(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)否有(you)效(xiao);檢測(ce)要求是(shi)(shi)我們(men)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)臺測(ce)量(liang)(liang)數(shu)(shu)值準確的(de)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)式萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)或者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)機械式萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)，我們(men)首先要把(ba)家里(li)的(de)地線(xian)(xian)(xian)從(cong)零排上拆下來(lai)，然(ran)后(hou)再準備一(yi)(yi)段(duan)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)接(jie)(jie)長(chang)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)表(biao)(biao)筆使用(yong)(yong)(yong);具體做法是(shi)(shi)：我們(men)把(ba)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)的(de)量(liang)(liang)程(cheng)首先調至電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)檔，記(ji)得(de)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)檔最小那(nei)一(yi)(yi)檔;然(ran)后(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)表(biao)(biao)針(zhen)一(yi)(yi)頭接(jie)(jie)在(zai)配電(dian)(dian)箱內拆下來(lai)的(de)地線(xian)(xian)(xian)上，把(ba)另一(yi)(yi)根(gen)表(biao)(biao)針(zhen)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)接(jie)(jie)長(chang)至需要測(ce)量(liang)(liang)的(de)位(wei)置，然(ran)后(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)表(biao)(biao)針(zhen)接(jie)(jie)觸地線(xian)(xian)(xian)另一(yi)(yi)頭，觀察(cha)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)的(de)讀數(shu)(shu)，如果(guo)讀數(shu)(shu)小于等于4Ω或接(jie)(jie)近于零，那(nei)么(me)地線(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)效(xiao)，如果(guo)讀數(shu)(shu)大于4Ω，那(nei)么(me)地線(xian)(xian)(xian)無效(xiao);使用(yong)(yong)(yong)同樣(yang)的(de)方(fang)法，我們(men)逐一(yi)(yi)對家里(li)的(de)每一(yi)(yi)根(gen)地線(xian)(xian)(xian)進行測(ce)量(liang)(liang)，這樣(yang)我們(men)就可(ke)以(yi)判斷地線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)了(le)。

　　2、用萬用表的電(dian)壓檔測量

　　這種方法是(shi)利(li)用萬用表的測(ce)(ce)(ce)量電壓(ya)的功能來檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)地線(xian)是(shi)否(fou)有效(xiao)，我們應該知道火(huo)線(xian)對零(ling)線(xian)的電壓(ya)為(wei)220V，火(huo)線(xian)對地線(xian)的電壓(ya)也是(shi)接近(jin)220V，就是(shi)利(li)用這個原理(li)來檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)地線(xian)是(shi)否(fou)有效(xiao);準(zhun)備工作是(shi)我們先準(zhun)備好一臺(tai)可(ke)以使用的萬用表，然后將家里的電路送上電，準(zhun)備測(ce)(ce)(ce)量;

　　具體做法(fa)是：我(wo)們把萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)量程(cheng)調至電壓檔750V那(nei)檔，然后(hou)用(yong)(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)一個表(biao)(biao)(biao)針(zhen)接(jie)觸(chu)待測位(wei)置例如(ru)插座的(de)火(huo)線，另一個表(biao)(biao)(biao)筆接(jie)觸(chu)地(di)線，如(ru)果萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)讀數接(jie)近(jin)220V，那(nei)么(me)地(di)線有(you)效;如(ru)果萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)讀數遠(yuan)(yuan)遠(yuan)(yuan)小于220V那(nei)么(me)地(di)線不合格(ge)，如(ru)果萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)讀數為零，那(nei)么(me)說(shuo)明我(wo)們家里的(de)地(di)線根本就是假的(de);此做法(fa)需(xu)要有(you)電的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)才能操作(zuo)，非專業(ye)電工(gong)不要嘗試，很危險。

　　3、是火線和地線直接(jie)接(jie)觸

　　這個方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)漏(lou)保的(de)功能實現的(de)，所以前提(ti)是(shi)漏(lou)保有效，然后(hou)我(wo)們外準(zhun)備一(yi)(yi)根短接(jie)用(yong)的(de)電(dian)線(xian)(xian)，送(song)(song)上電(dian)就可以測試(shi)了;具體(ti)做(zuo)法(fa)是(shi)：送(song)(song)電(dian)以后(hou)，我(wo)們使(shi)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)根硬(ying)電(dian)線(xian)(xian)，電(dian)線(xian)(xian)兩頭(tou)露出一(yi)(yi)段線(xian)(xian)芯，然后(hou)用(yong)電(dian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)一(yi)(yi)頭(tou)接(jie)觸插座火線(xian)(xian)插孔，用(yong)電(dian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)頭(tou)接(jie)觸地(di)線(xian)(xian)的(de)插孔;如果(guo)瞬間跳線(xian)(xian)說明(ming)地(di)線(xian)(xian)有效，如果(guo)不(bu)跳閘，說明(ming)地(di)線(xian)(xian)無效;這是(shi)我(wo)們沒(mei)有萬(wan)用(yong)表的(de)情(qing)況下，萬(wan)不(bu)得已才使(shi)用(yong)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)，很危(wei)險，建議大家不(bu)要嘗(chang)試(shi)。

　　作為接(jie)地均壓(ya)環的圈梁(liang)鋼(gang)筋選(xuan)取圈梁(liang)上層左(zuo)右2根(gen)直徑≧16mm的鋼(gang)筋，若直徑小于16mm，可(ke)選(xuan)用圈梁(liang)上層4根(gen)鋼(gang)筋作接(jie)地均壓(ya)環。各均壓(ya)環與防(fang)雷引下線按(an)規范做(zuo)法可(ke)靠連接(jie)，各樓層外墻的各類金屬設施(shi)均應就近與其等電位連接(jie)，連接(jie)點應不少于兩(liang)處(chu)。

　　1、搭接長度：圓鋼(gang)與(yu)扁(bian)鋼(gang)搭接為圓鋼(gang)直徑(jing)的(de)6倍，雙面施(shi)焊。扁(bian)鋼(gang)與(yu)鋼(gang)管，扁(bian)鋼(gang)與(yu)角鋼(gang)焊接，緊(jin)貼角鋼(gang)外側兩面，或(huo)緊(jin)貼3/4鋼(gang)管表(biao)面，上下雙側施(shi)焊。扁(bian)鋼(gang)與(yu)扁(bian)鋼(gang)搭接為扁(bian)鋼(gang)寬(kuan)度的(de)2倍，不少(shao)于三面施(shi)焊。

　　2、焊(han)縫要(yao)求：焊(han)縫應飽(bao)滿并有足夠(gou)的機械強度，不(bu)得(de)有夾渣、咬肉、裂紋(wen)、虛焊(han)、氣(qi)孔等缺陷，焊(han)接處的藥(yao)皮要(yao)敲凈。

　　3、引下線(xian)與梁鋼筋跨接。

　　4、利用柱主筋作防雷引(yin)下線時，主筋連接的(de)兩端應作跨(kua)接處理(li)。

　　5、總等電位(wei)和局部等電位(wei)根據設計要求，用(yong)鍍鋅(xin)扁鐵(tie)引出。

　　6、引下(xia)線應采用油漆做標記，防止錯焊導致上下(xia)不連通。

　　防雷(lei)接(jie)地(di)國家標準GB 50343-2012《建筑物電子信息系(xi)統(tong)(tong)防雷(lei)技術規范》GB 50057-2010《建筑物防雷(lei)設計(ji)規范》二、相(xiang)關(guan)標準具體要求本工(gong)程為監(jian)控系(xi)統(tong)(tong)雷(lei)電防護，包含立桿直擊雷(lei)防護和監(jian)控系(xi)統(tong)(tong)電源系(xi)統(tong)(tong)防護。

　　人(ren)工垂直接地(di)(di)(di)(di)體(ti)的(de)長度宜(yi)(yi)(yi)為2.5m。其(qi)間距以及人(ren)工水平接地(di)(di)(di)(di)體(ti)的(de)長度宜(yi)(yi)(yi)為5m，當(dang)受地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)限制時可適當(dang)減小(xiao)。人(ren)工接地(di)(di)(di)(di)體(ti)在土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)的(de)埋(mai)設深度不應小(xiao)于0.5m，并宜(yi)(yi)(yi)敷設在當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)凍土(tu)層以下，其(qi)距墻或基(ji)礎不宜(yi)(yi)(yi)小(xiao)于1m，接地(di)(di)(di)(di)體(ti)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)遠(yuan)離由于燒窯、煙(yan)道等高溫影響使土(tu)壤(rang)電阻率升高的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)。

　　直(zhi)(zhi)擊雷(lei)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)電阻不大(da)于(yu)(yu)10Ω，電源及信號(hao)電涌(yong)(yong)保(bao)(bao)護器(qi)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)電阻不大(da)于(yu)(yu)4Ω。直(zhi)(zhi)擊雷(lei)專設接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)裝置(zhi)與電涌(yong)(yong)保(bao)(bao)護器(qi)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)分開，避免地(di)(di)電位反擊，接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)體(ti)(ti)(ti)在(zai)地(di)(di)下間距宜為(wei)3m。拓展(zhan)資(zi)料本工(gong)程接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)系統分為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)擊雷(lei)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)及電涌(yong)(yong)保(bao)(bao)護器(qi)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)，采(cai)用Φ20×1500鍍(du)銅(tong)鋼(gang)棒兩支串接(jie)(jie)作為(wei)一(yi)組垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，直(zhi)(zhi)擊雷(lei)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)采(cai)用3組垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，電涌(yong)(yong)保(bao)(bao)護器(qi)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)采(cai)用3組垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)體(ti)(ti)(ti)間距宜為(wei)5m，地(di)(di)方受限時可適當減小，但不應小于(yu)(yu)3m，水平接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)體(ti)(ti)(ti)采(cai)用95mm2鍍(du)銅(tong)鋼(gang)絞線。

　　直擊(ji)雷接(jie)地(di)與電涌保護器接(jie)地(di)應盡(jin)量(liang)遠離不同類型接(jie)地(di)引入點間距不小于(yu)3m。接(jie)地(di)裝置(zhi)連接(jie)方式(shi)為焊接(jie)并做好防腐處理。監控系(xi)統接(jie)地(di)引入線(xian)(xian)采用BVR16mm2多(duo)股銅(tong)芯線(xian)(xian)從立(li)桿內部引入，在(zai)防水盒內設置(zhi)接(jie)地(di)排或接(jie)地(di)端子，各系(xi)統接(jie)地(di)就近(jin)接(jie)入該(gai)接(jie)地(di)排。